Drescher, U. Geological Survey is charged with the re- sponsibility of investigating the quantity, distribution, availability, and utilization of the underground water supplies of the country.
In conjunction -with the Surface Water and Quality of Water Branches, de- termination also is made of the relation of ground water resources to surface water resources and the variations, causes, and effects of the quality of the ground water.
Contamination, therefore, is a factor that must be considered in any ground water investigation. Grouna water investigations are de- signed to study the ground water resources of a specified area and to determine cause and effect relationships for such phenomena as deterioration in quality. The boundaries of the areas may be determined arbitrarily to coincide with county or State boundaries, or they may be based on hydrologic criteria and enclose entire drainage basins or geo- hydrologic units.
Most area! In addition to area! Contamination of ground water is not al- ways suspected. In many instances its ex- istence becomes known as the result of areal investigations whose prime purpose was an evaluation of the resource. Where con- tamination is known or suspected, however, a special areal Investigation may be made with the objective of determining the geologic factors required for a full understanding of the problem.
Previously, Mr. Brown discussed the hydrologic factors and Mr. La- Moreaux the geologic controls that govern contamination of ground water. Areal re- ports describe the geology and hydrology of the area under investigation so that the hazards of existing or potential contamina- tion may be understood in relation to the entire geohydrologic environment.
Some knowledge of the areal geohydrology is prerequisite to the correction or prevention of contamination. The discussion of investigations in this papier will be confined to studies of areas. The detailed procedures involved in areal ground water studies differ, depending on such factors as geographic location, geology, climate, kinds of water problems, and size of area, but the general procedures are similar, irrespective of local details. Any ground water investigation maybe separated into thre steps--planning, execution, and reporting.
Although this paper is concerned primarily with execution, some discussion of planning and reporting is necessary. The importance of financing, acquiring and train- ing personnel, and details of preparing the report is recognized, but discussion of these is beyond the scope of this paper. PLANNING The scope of an investigation may be classified, on the basis of intensity of ef- fort, as reconnaissance, detailed recon- naissance, or comprehensive.
These terms are used merely to indicate in a general way the variation in the scope of investigations. Generally, a reconnaissance investigation is made of an area where little or nothing is known of the ground water resources.
The objectives of ten are to determine the general occurrence and quality of water, both areally and within the geologic column, the impor- tance and types of use of ground water in the area, and the kinds and locations of existing and potential problems, including contamination.
A rapid reconnaissance may be necessary to determine the need for a more thorough or particular type of investi- gation. The area covered by a reconnaissance investigation may contain only a few square miles, but often includes several hundreds or thousands of square miles.
The detailed reconnaissance investiga- tion usually covers a smaller area than the reconnaissance. The objectives may be much more specific and might include, in addition to those of the reconnaissance, a quantitative study of apart of the area or of one or more parts of the geologic section, or a study of the occurrence of water of a certain quality. Such a study is made in an area where there are known local or potential problems and where basic information is required for their solution.
The comprehensive investigation com- monly covers an area not larger than a few hundred, square miles. The objective of the comprehensive investigation is to describe the ground water resources of the area, quantitatively and qualitatively. The in- vestigation includes sufficient analysis of recognizable problems that the necessary data can be collected andpresented in usuable form to those who are responsible for the actual solution of the problems.
Ideally, the relation of ground water to surf ace water and the quality of ground water, including changes owing to development, are deter- mined and described so that the entire water resources of the area may be developed fully and efficiently.
Rarely is it practical to meet all the above objectives. The in- vestigation, therefore, generally is tailored to meet the objectives within the limits prescribed by time and funds.
Typical studies may last only a few months or as long as 10 years, and the effort required may range from a few man-months to tens of man-years. Eventually the entire country will be covered by reconnaissance or compre- hensive investigations. The increasing use of water makes it mandatory that informa- tion necessary for full and orderly develop- ment of all sources of water be obtained. On the other hand, the immensity of the task precludes its completion in the foreseeable future.
As the country becomes more fully developed and as the demand for water ex- pands and water problems such as con- tamination come to the forefront, areas now adequately covered by reconnaissance in- vestigations may need more comprehensive re-evaluation. Water is a dynamic resource, and for no area can it be said that knowledge of its occurrence is adequate for all needs.
Obviously then, those areas that are the most important - where problems exist or soon will exist and where water is in great de- mand - must be investigated first. Ground water problems may be classi- fied as problems of quantity, quality, distri- bution, development, and conflict of interest; contamination may be the principal or a con- tributing factor in either classification. Rarely can the problems in an area be relegated to a single classification, but the terms are useful, nonetheless, for indicating the type of information and investigation that will be needed for full utilization of the re- source.
Conditions under which each kind of problem may occur include the following. These examples are hypothetical, but they summarize the conditions in many areas where studies have been or are being made. An industrial area may be situated where only a certain amount of water can be with- drawn from the underlying aquifers water- bearing units. As the demand for water ex- ceeds this limit, there is a problem of quantity. Water from an aquifer may be or may become too saline to use for irrigating crops or for an industrial process and thus present a quality problem.
If undeveloped water is available from an aquifer present in only some parts of an area, there is the problem of distribution. If an aquifer will yield large quantities of water only with a continual decline of water levels, there is the problem of development.
Ground water needed for irrigation during periods of low rainfall may be the source of low flow for a trout stream; thus, there is a conflict of interest between agriculture and recreation. Conducting The Investigation Any investigation consists of developing the background and objectives of the study, collecting data, compiling the data, inter- preting the data, making conclusions, and presenting the results to those who need them.
Much of the sort of information that makes up the background already has been discussed. Not all the details of a procedure for a specific ground water investigation necessarily apply to all investigations.
The objectives of a comprehensive in- vestigation have been said to include a quantitative description of the ground water resources, their quality, and their relation to surface water.
The objectives may be stated more specifically: 1 to determine the hydrologic properties and the dimen- sions of each unit in the geologic section, at least down to the deepest source of water usable for any practical purpose, 2 to de- termine the source and amount of recharge to each aquifer, 3 to determine the amount and location of discharge from each aquifer, 4 to determine the quality of the water from each aquifer, 5 to determine the effects of withdrawal of water from each aquifer, 6 to determine the effects on surface water of changes in recharge and discharge of ground water, 7 to determine the movement of water, and 8 to determine the effects on ground water of the changes in the regimen of surface water.
Within a given area the objectives may be detailed even further, and some of those listed may not apply. The collection of data is the first work to be done in the field, but it must be pre- ceded by a thorough search of the literature and other sources of information. For ex- ample, much information may be stored in the files of public agencies. A search of the literature commonly will yield considerable geologic information and may give informa- tion on the history of well drilling and water development in the area.
In addition to scientific reports, newspaper files and historical articles or books may yield significant information. An examination of surface water records may reveal areas and magnitudes of recharge or discharge of ground water. Thehydrologist, following the literature search, will have prepared an outline for the work and a first outline of his final report.
These outlines will be similar and, in a sense, will complement each other. For example, as a phase of the work is com- pleted, it becomes an inactive part of the work outline and may be ready for writing into the report.
The outlines are based on the background data, the information ob- tained from the literature, and the objectives of the investigation. The fieldwork may be divided into phases --geologic mapping, inventorying of wells, logging of wells, observations of water levels, collecting water samples for chemical anal- ysis, collecting data on amount of pumpage and use of water, test drilling, and pumping tests and inflow studies.
Some of these phases may be undertaken simultaneously, for example, inventorying of wells, measure- ment of water levels, and collection of water samples.
Some phases may be interde- pendent; the amount of test drilling needed will depend on number and locations of ex- isting wells and the adequacy of information on them. Geology is the key to any ground water investigation.
It follows, therefore, that geologic mapping, both of the surface and the subsurface, is one of the first field phases of an investigation. In most areas some geologic mapping has been done and serves as a basis for that required in aground water study. Surface mapping is done in the field and is supplemented by areal photographs and drilling records.
Particular attention is given the geohydrologic units and contacts that will most affect the occurrence, move- ment, and quality of ground water. With few exceptions subsurface geologic mapping of such phenomena as thickness and configuration of aquifers is lacking.
The subsurface is mapped from logs of wells and, in some places, with the aid of geo- physical techniques. The logs are collected from well drillers, well owners, public- agency files, and oil and gas exploration companies. If possible, wells for which no logs are available are logged by electrical- resistivity and gamma-ray equipment and correlated with known geology.
While the geology is being mapped, the existing wells and springs in the area are scheduled, i. Water samples are collected from wells and springs repre- sentative of various aquifers at various lo- cations. These smaples are sent to a laboratory for analysis. In addition to the water level measure- ments made at the time wells are inventoried, water levels in selected wells are measured periodically and automatic recorders are installed on« some to determine rates and magnitudes of fluctuations.
Also, owners of production wells are canvassed todetermine the amount and rate of withdrawal of water from the entire area. Test drilling is necessary where the data from existing wells are so incomplete that interpolation and interpretation cannot fill the gaps.
Pumping tests are made by use of exist- ing wells or wells drilled for that purpose. These are tests of the aquifers--not merely of the wells. Simply stated, a test consists of observing the effects of changing the dis- charge rate from an aquifer for a measured length of time. The effect on other aquifers also is observed; if appropriate, samples of water are obtained to determine changes in chemical content during withdrawal.
Pump- ing tests may last for only a few hours, or they may last for several days or even weeks. The data collected during pumping tests are analyzed to determine the hydrologic prop- erties of the aquifers. These properties in turn are used to determine the behavior of the system in response to natural and arti- ficial changes in recharge and discharge. The uses of tests are limited in that they sample only a portion of the system, but in combination with other information they form a basis for interpretation of the hydrol- ogy of more extensive areas.
If streams in the area are hydraulically connected to the aquifers, detailed inflow studies are made to determine the amount of recharge or discharge along all sections of the streams in the area. Samples of water from streams are collected and an- alyzed, if there is any indication that water from the streams is a source of recharge to the aquifers. Ground water contamination may become evident during any one of the phases of the fieldwork.
The geologic mapping may show the presence of sinkholes that permit the entrance of surface wastes to the aquifers. The inventory of wells may reveal that wells in one part of the area had to be abandoned because the "water became unfit to drink. Collection of water samples often suggests possible contamination, and further sampling confirms it.
Logging of wells often brings up direct evidence of contamination in the samples themselves. Although complete de- tails on contamination problems may re- quire considerable investigation in a con- centrated area, the problems may be rec- ognized first by the relatively broad in- vestigative techniques described above.
Compilations of the data are begun to some extent during the field- work. Well records, water level measure- ments, and quality-of-water data are tabu- lated. Maps and charts are used extensively for compilation because they give a picture of the coverage and the degree of correla- tion of data. The subsurface geology is shown by sections and on maps by lines that show thicknesses of units or elevations of tops of units.
Water level, pumpage, and precipitation data are shown on hydrographs, sometimes with other related climatological data. Maps showing contours that represent the piezometric surface are prepared for each aquifer. Such maps, together with pumpage and geologic information, indicate the hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers, areas of recharge and discharge, and the general directions of movement of water.
Quality of water data are shown on various types of graphs and on maps on which isb- pleths indicate lateral changes in concentra- tions of certain ions. Just as compilation goes on during the field stages of the investigation, so do ana- lysis and interpretation during the fieldwork and during compilation.
The three activities are interdependent. For example, during the well inventory it may be learned that water from a domestic well has become too salty to drink. The source of the salt may be an underlying saline aquifer, salt water disposal pits from a nearby oil field, or a stream that contains highly mineralized water.
Additional sampling of surrounding wells may show that the source of the salt water is not the oil-field brines. Detailed geologic mapping may show that conforma- tion of the strata in such that the well could not draw water from the stream.
The interpretation of the data is both ex- citing and tedious. All data must be ex- amined individually and collectively. Some data can be put together somewhat accord- ing to rule or formula. More often one in- terpretation depends on several other in- terpretations, and only by careful examina- tion and re-examination of the various parts is it possible to arrive at the best possible interpretation.
The degree to which the ob- jectives are met depends upon the amount and reliability of the data, the accuracy of necessary assumptions, and the skill and experience of the hydrologist.
Certain objectives of the investigation may not be met because physical evidence to prove a hypothesis or theory may be lack- ing and unobtainable, for example, a fresh water aquifer may be separated from a saline aquifer by a nearly impermeable bed. It may be suspected that if the hydrostatic head in the fresh water aquifer is reduced a certain amount saline water will gradually move through the separating bed and con- taminate the aquifer.
Such a process might take years to prove, but the hydrologist must interpret the situation in terms of po- tential, as well as present, conditions and arrive at a conclusion. Conclusions are based on reliable data, principles of hydrol- ogy' and geology, and experience. It would be better to say that an investiga- tion is not complete without the release of a well-written, timely report.
Only through the medium of published reports can the re- sults of investigations be made available in permanent form to all the potential users of the information. The report may be brief or several hundred pages in length.
Much of the infor- mation, including the interpretation, may be presented in the form of graphs, tables, or maps. Ground water reports may be published by many different agencies-- state, federal, local, quasi-public, or private.
The Geol- ogical Survey has its own series of reports, but many of its reports are published by the cooperating agencies or are contributed to technical journals. SUMMARY An investigation of the ground water re- sources of an area is undertaken by the Sur- vey, usually in cooperation with a state or another agency, as a part of the long-range program of evaluating the water resources of the country.
The need for the investiga- tion is based on the demand for water and on the problems, present or potential, in the area. Many of the problems are the result of or are influenced by contamination. The investigation is carried out by the collection and interpretation of the data necessary to meet the objectives. The objectives are to describe the environment and the principles governing the occurrence of ground water. The report presents the results of the in- vestigation so that those responsible for water development and management may provide their own solutions to problems that involve not only hydrology but also eco- nomics.
A knowledge of the areal geo- hydrology is essential for the solution of problems related to contamination of ground water; a knowledge of the problems of con- tamination is an integral part of any areal investigation. John E. Vogt, who asked Mr. Brown whether a contaminant that reaches the water table spreads on or near the water surface or penetrates downward into the water-saturated stratum and whether chemical and bacterio- logical contaminants behave in a similar manner.
Brown replied that the prop- erties - density, surface tension, etc. Vogt then asked that the case of sep- tic tank effluent that has leached downward through the unsaturated soil to the water table be considered. In reply Mr.
Brown re- ferred to his discussion of flow through non- uniform aquifers Brown's paper, Figure 9 and noted that if the densities of the effluent and the ground water were of the same order the contamination probably would move far- ther than one would predict. Natural aquifers are not uniform in character, and con- taminants tend to channel through the more permeable formations and thus move faster and farther than they would in a homogeneous aquifer.
George B. Maxey of the Illinois State Geological Survey noted that current water use amounts to to billion gallons per day bgd and that various agencies forecast that the requirements will be around bgd, or about half the total runoff from this country. Ground water resources supply approximately one-sixth or one-seventh of the water now used. Maxey asked Mr. George D. DeBuchananne whether, with the increasing reuse of water, he believes the greater share of the additional to bgd needed by will be secured from ground water.
Debuchananne expressed the opinion that the use of ground water is going to increase tremendously and that since readily obtainable stream flows are already nearly 95 percent utilized ground water affords the only water resource avail- able for supplying much of the anticipated threefold increase in the amount of water that will be required 30 years from now.
Swenson Mr. DeBuchananne also commented on Mr. Brown's illustration Figure 9 of the mixing of waste streams from two injection wells. He noted that one or two observation wells maybe completely insufficient to mon- itor waste travel underground.
The move- ment of ground water and of waste streams injected into ground water is dependent on the geology of the region and the heterogeneity of the underground strata. Noting the extensive use in New England of seismic surveys in ground water investi- gations, Mr. Ralph M. William J. Drescher about the use of such surveys in other parts of the country. Agreeing that seismic surveys are a very important means of data collection and analysis, Mr.
Drescher observed that he had included them under the term geophysical. Also in this category are electrical re- sistivity tests on the surface and certain down-the-hole tests.
If the rainfall that replenishes ground water supply is exceeded by usage, in- quired Dr. Joseph Vogel of Mahopac, New York, will it be necessary to reclaim waste water or seek our water supplies from the oceans? Drescher, noting that water usage data include reused water, called on Mr.
Richards of the Ohio Depart- ment of Health to comment on the reuse of water in some Ohio streams. Richards, in turn, observed that at times of low flow Mahoning River water is used something like 14 times. This prompted the observation that it is impossible at present to compare directly precipitation and water use data. Two questions on adsorption and ion- exchange phenomena were asked by Barry D.
Andres of C. Lauman and Company, Inc. Noting that Mr. John D. Hem had mentioned cationic ex- change, Mr. Andres asked whether there is any information on anionic exchange and whether there is a difference between in- organic exchange. This makes them much more readily amenable to cation adsorption. There is, however, some adsorption of anions. Hem further observed that it is known, as work at the Denver Federal Cen- ter has indicated, that under certain con- ditions some of the oxides, such as ferric oxide, have capacity to adsorb anions.
It is his belief that things like arsenic and phos- phorus, which are found in many iron ores, are there because at the time the ores were deposited the pH conditions were such that the oxide particles had a positive charge and could adsorb these anionic materials on their surfaces. He observed that the adsorption of organic material by inorganic particles does occur.
This is a type of adsorption that differs a little, he thinks, from the strongly bound cation-exchange reaction that is usually thought of in connection with cal- cium, magnesium, and sodium.
He and his co-workers have found that some stream sediments when treated in certain ways will yield extracts of organic materials. When treated in other ways, the organic material apparently is retained and cannot be readily removed. These phenomena are poorly understood, and further research is neces- sary before much will be known about them.
Mailman and W. Middleton and G. Mallmann and W. Mack, Michigan State University Any review pertaining to biological con- tamination of ground water should be pref- aced with the statement that the accrued in- formation on this subject is excellent back- ground but may not answer problems on present or future ground water contamina- tion. The chemical nature of the waste waters has changed, and there are no ex- perimental tests on the migration of viruses in ground water.
A review of the literature will reveal in part the distance pollution travels, as indi- cated by bacterial contaminants in laboratory demonstrations, planned field tests, and epidemiological surveys of water-borne diseases. Without question a health problem exists, particularly in suburbia where com- mon water supplies and sewerage systems have not been installed. Unless recognition is given to the problem and proper specifi- cations based on research are formulated for the recharging of the ground aquifers, health hazards may result.
The behavior of biol- ogical contaminants in discharges entering agricultural soil may be different from that of those entering deep aquifers that con- tain small numbers of microorganisms and relatively small amounts of organic matter. Biological, chemical, and physical behavior may be totally different during both initial and prolonged discharges.
No attempt is made here to review all reports of bacterial contamination of potable water supplies through ground water pollu- tion, but pertinent papers are reviewed to establish the fact that health hazards exist in ground waters as a result of travel of microorganisms from points of contamina- tion and to show the need for protection of ground waters to be used for domestic and municipal purposes.
The need for restoring ground water tables by flooding the surface of the ground, by irrigation, and by recharge of aquifers is well established. What kinds of used waters may be reused, the degree and kinds of con- taminants that may be tolerated, and the lo- cation of such operations in relation to wells for potable water must be determined. This paper is concerned only with microbial con- taminants. The danger of contamination of wells by seepage from earth privy vaults was recog- nized before the discovery of the micro- organisms responsible for disease.
In the famous cholera epidemic of in London, Dr. John Snow 1 , in a carefully conducted epidemiological survey, established that the victims had used water from the Broad Street well for drinking water. In the house nearest the well, there had been four fatal cases of cholera at the time of the epidemic, in ad- dition to earlier obscure cases that might have been cholera.
Sewage from this house emptied into a cesspool near the well. York 1 , surveyor of the inquiry commit- tee, studied the well structure and its sur- roundings. Without question, it was demonstrated that seepage from the drain and the cesspool entered the well. An investigation of an epidemic of ty- phoid fever that occurred in Lausen, Switzer- land 1 , in was conducted in a novel manner.
A brook was contaminated by wastes from a typhoid patient in a neighboring valley that was separated from the village by a high hill. Tests with sodium chloride Ib demonstrated that the water from the brook fed springs in the village. Later pounds of finely ground flour was added to the brook; none was detected later in the village springs, indicating that par- ticles as large as starch granules were re- moved by filtration.
In , Ditthorn and Luerssen 2 re- ported on the passage of bacteria through soil in 'Germany. A test well was drilled to a depth of 62 feet below water table at a spot 69 feet from a foot well in which water collection started at feet.
At the same time the second well was pumped heavily. Samples of water were collected daily and examined for S. Or- ganisms were detected on the ninth day and for 10 successive days thereafter. No or- ganisms were detected 19 days after the last injection. In the early twenties, the senior author 3 made a study of a contaminated well lo- cated approximately 30 feet from a septic tank tile field. To determine the role of the septic tank in the pollution, the well and the septic tank effluents were checked for the presence of S.
A gallon of S. Two small test wells were drilled at foot intervals between the well and the septic tank. After the seeding, daily samples of water from the test wells and the study well were collected and tested. The S. The source of pollu- tion was well established. They demonstrated that bac- terial pollution was largely at the interface between the ground water surface and the capillary water zone.
The bacteria traveled feet, whereas a fluorescent dye, uranin, traveled feet. The pollution traveled primarily in the direction of the ground water flow. In Alabama in , Caldwell and Parr 5 investigated the migration of bacteria, as measured by coliform organisms, from a bored-hole latrine that penetrated below the water table. Initially coliform organ- isms traveled 15 feet in 3 days. After 3 months of continued use of the latrine, 90 percent recovery was made at 15 feet, 40 percent at 25 feet, and only an occasional positive sample at 35 feet.
Chemical pollu- tion traveled farther than the bacteria. The travel of pollution was only in the stream flow. The width of flow of bacterial pollution was 3 feet at a distance of 15 feet, whereas the spread of chemical pollution was 5 feet at 25 feet.
The significant finding in this study was the demonstration of a barrier to the spread of microbial contamination; this barrier, formed by the deposition of particu- late material at the periphery of the latrine, functioned as a filtering mechanism.
Caldwell 6 in made a study of a pit latrine located in an area where an im- ' pervious stratum closely underlies the ground water. Under these conditions the coliform organisms traveled 40 feet in less than 3. Organisms were detected in the ground water at a distance 80 feet down- stream. In Caldwell 7 also investi- gated oollutant migration from a pit latrine located in an area where permeable soil ex- isted for a considerable distance below the pit.
In 3 to 4 months the coliform organisms had migrated only 10 feet; at the termina- tion of the study, the migration distance had regressed to5 feet. On the other hand, gross chemical pollution progressed 80 feet in the flow stream and some chemicals were de- tected as far away as to feet. McGauhey and Krone 8 in made a very extensive study of aquifer contamina- tion by introducing sewage-degraded water and following bacterial contamination through a series of test wells spaced along the water flow in the aquifer.
Tests were made for both coliform organisms and enterococci. Daily observations were made for 41 days. The coliform counts from Table 14 of their report follow: Well Coliform count. Coliform organisms were the better indicators only because they occurred in larger numbers in the original degraded water. After continued recharging, a regression of indicator bacteria occurred. This was believed to have been caused by death of the bacteria in the aquifer with ex- posure time and by the increased filtering action of particulate material deposited in the aquifer at the point of entry.
This study indicates that recharging can be done without grossly polluting the aquifer with disease-producing bacteria. The find- ings are, of course, limited to situations comparable to those in the experiments re- ported. The results are encouraging in that bacteria occurred only in the test wells :ii the immediate vicinity of the recharging well. In , Fournelle, Day, and Page 9 reported on a study somewhat comparable, except that the ground water table was be- tween 5 and 6 feet below the surface of the ground.
The dosing well was sunk into the ground water, and the test wells were 8 to 10 feet deep. Uranin was used in measuring chemical travel and was found up to distances of feet. In this study, the water contained only the test organisms. If organic matter had been present, the travel might have been shorter. A study was made byBaar lO in in the Netherlands of travel of microorganisms in sandy soils with a particle size of 0.
With heavy pollution from pit latrines in dry soil, coliform organisms penetrated to depths of inches. A nitrogen measure- ment showed that when pollution ceased, the nitrogen content decreased rap idly and self- purification occurred.
When ground waters were recharged with relatively clean water, vigorous adsorption of organic matter and bacteria occurred in the upper 10 feet of soil. Changing lands Target land becomes the basic land of your choice. It allows blue a way to get access to other colors in multicolor environments. Note that the land type-changing effects are not the same as the subtype of text-changing effects. MTG Wiki Explore. Main Page All Pages. Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account?
Land changer. Edit this Page. Particular long-term objective is the rehabilitation of degraded areas by elimination of the largest sources of pollution. This will lead to the improvement of groundwater quality as a basis for sustainable groundwater resources management. The transnational co-operation will lead to an exchange of experiences and know-how transfer on technical, administrative and management topics among the project partners as well as for a wider dissemination and promotion of integral approaches.
This transnational co-operation is of special concern for the work dedicated to the Odra river Aquifer, which is considered as a large-scale, transboundary water reserve. The implementation of the integral groundwater management concept of MAGIC will strengthen the capacities of administrative bodies and municipalities to implement the demanding EU environmental policies and standards, e.
Water Framework Directive, Art. Project Summary: The project started in June The project is structured in 6 workpackages. The workpackages 1 to 4 comprise technical actions to develop applicable planning methodologies for the implementation of the new technical approach. Workpackages 5 and 6 cover administrative aspects: the implementation into the daily work of local administration and the dissemination of the results in the CADSES.
During the application the tools will be modified and optimised.
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